哲学史-philosophy of history(英文版)-第1章
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Philosophy of History
by Hegel
Table of Contents
Introduction
O The subject of this course of Lectures is the Philosophical History of the World。
SECTION ONE： Original History
§ 1 They simply transferred what was passing in the world around them； to the realm of
representative intellect。
§ 2 The influences that have formed the writer are identical with those which have moulded the
events that constitute the matter of his story。
§ 3 What the historian puts into the mouths of orators is an uncorrupted transcript of their
intellectual and moral habitudes。
§ 4 Among the ancients； these annalists were necessarily great captains and statesmen。
SECTION TWO： Reflective History
§ 5 Reflective history's mode of representation is not really confined by the limits of the time to
which it relates。
___1 Universal History
§ 6 It is the aim of Universal History to gain a view of the entire history of a people or a country。
§ 7 History must foreshorten its pictures by abstractions。
___2 Pragmatical History
§ 8 Pragmatical History takes the occurrence out of the category of the Past and makes it
virtually Present。
___3 Critical History
§ 9 In Critical History； it is not history itself that is presented； but a History of History。
§ 10 Critical History adopts an abstract position； yet forms a transition to the Philosophical
History。
SECTION THREE： Philosophic History
§ 11 Philosophy of History means nothing but the thoughtful consideration of it。
§ 12 Reason is the Sovereign of the World； history therefore； presents us with a rational process。
§ 13 The World of intelligence and conscious volition is not abandoned to chance； but must show
itself in the light of the self…cognisant Idea。
§ 14 Two points of view that concern the generally diffused conviction that Reason rules in the
world。
I： Reason Governs World
§ 15 Anaxagoras was the first to enunciate the doctrine that Reason governs the world。
§ 16 That Nature is unchangeably subordinate to universal laws； appears nowise strange to us。
§ 17 Religious holds that the world is not abandoned to chance； but that a Providence controls it。
II The Essential Destiny of Reason
§ 18 The question； what is the ultimate design of the World？
§ 19 Spirit is our substantial object。 Our task does not require us to contemplate Nature as a
Rational System in itself。
§ 20 The three parts of the Destiny of Reason。
___（1） The Abstract Characteristics of the Nature of Spirit
§ 21 As the essence of Matter is Gravity； so； on the other hand； the essence of Spirit is Freedom。
§ 22 Eastern nations knew that one is free； the Greeks and Romans that some are free； whilst we
know that all men are free。
§ 23 The final cause of the World； we allege to be Spirit's consciousness of its own freedom。
___（2） The Means Spirit Uses to Realise Its Idea
§ 24 The first glance at History convinces us that the actions of men proceed from their needs；
their passions； their characters and talents。
§ 25 Aims； principles； &c。； have a place in our thoughts； but not yet in the sphere of reality。
§ 26 Nothing great in the World has been acplished without passion。
§ 27 A State is powerful； when the private interest of its citizens is one with the mon interest。
§ 28 The universal Idea exists as the substantial totality of things； and as the abstract essence of
free volition。
§ 29 The passions of men are gratified and build up the edifice of human society； for Right and
Order。
§ 30 The agent's aims are limited but the agents themselves are intelligent thinking beings。
§ 31 History has to do with those momentous collisions between existing； acknowledged duties；
laws； and rights。
§ 32 The particular aims of great historical men involve those large issues which are the will of the
World…Spirit。。
§ 33 Such individuals had no consciousness of the Idea they were unfolding； but were practical；
political men。
§ 34 They are great men； because they acplished the needs of the age。
§ 35 A World…historical individual is devoted to the One Aim。
§ 36 It is not the Idea that is exposed to danger。 It remains in the background； untouched and
uninjured。 This may be called the cunning of reason。
§ 37 When speaking of the realisation of great ideals by individuals； the subjective element in
them has an infinite right to be consulted。。
§ 38 We must not fall into the Litany of Lamentations； that the good and pious often fare ill in the
world。
§ 39 The means which the World…Spirit uses for realising its Idea involves the activity of personal
existences in whom Reason is present； but still obscure and unknown to them。
___（3） The Embodiment Spirit Assumes — the State
§ 40 What is the material in which the Ideal of Reason is wrought out？ … Personality itself … human
desires … Subjectivity generally。
§ 41 The Idea is the inner spring of action； the State is the actually； existing； realised moral life。
§ 42 The first error is that man is free by nature； but that in society； he must limit this natural
freedom。
§ 43 Freedom does not exist as original and natural — it must be first sought out and won。
§ 44 The patriarchal condition is one of transition； its unity not advancing beyond the merely
natural。
§ 45 No law can be valid without the approval of all。
§ 46 The State is an abstraction； but it is an actuality； and must embody itself in individual will。
§ 47 The necessity of a particular constitution is made to depend on the condition of the people
as if it were accidental。
§ 48 The State is the embodiment of rational freedom； realising itself in an objective form。
§ 49 The State is the Idea of Spirit in the external manifestation of human Will and its Freedom。
§ 50 We observe a union between the objective … the Idea； … and the subjective… the personality
that conceives and wills it。
§ 51 The definite substance that exists in the State； is the Spirit of the People itself。
§ 52 Freedom can exist only where Individuality is recognised as having its real existence in the
Divine Being。
§ 53 While the State is based on Religion； Religion supposes the State already to exist。
§ 54 Religion is by no means a thing to be so produced； its self…production lies much deeper。
§ 55 An opposite folly is that of pretending to invent and carry out political constitutions
independently of religion。
§ 56 The State constitutes the rights of its members； its natural features are their country； their
outward material property。
§ 57 This matured totality constitutes the spirit of one People。 Each individual is the Son of his
Nation； the Son of his Age。
§ 58 Each particular National genius is only One Individual in the process of Universal History。
§ 59 Nothing further remains for this introductory section to contemplate but 。。。。
III The Course of World History
§ 60 History is an advance to something better； but Nature exhibits only a perpetually
self…repeating cycle。
§ 61 The principle of Development finds actual existence in Spirit； which has the History of the
World for its theatre。
§ 62 The Spirit's expansion is not the harmless tranquillity of mere growth； but a stern reluctant
working against itself。
§ 63 The analysis of the successive grades； in their abstract form； belongs to Logic； in their
concrete aspect to the Philosophy of Spirit。
§ 64 Possibility points to something destined to bee actual。
§ 65 The investigation of the history of ancient peoples； to trace their annals up to the point where
fragments of primary revelation are to be met with。
§ 66 We have to thank this interest for many valuable discoveries in Oriental literature。
§ 67 An advanced condition of science； and the assertion that such a condition occurred at the
very beginning of History。
§ 68 The only method philosophical investigation can adopt； is to take up History where
Rationality begins to manifest itself in the World's affairs。
§ 69 The period before history was written are destitute of objective history； because they
present no subjective history。
§ 70 The progress of Nations assumes importance for concrete Reason； only when they have
e in contact with States； or begin to form constitutions。
§ 71 We now have to state the direction of its course： though here only formally。
§ 72 The logical； and dialectical nature of the Idea； viz。 that it is self…determined — that it
assumes successive forms which it successively transcends； and by this very process gains a richer
and more concrete shape。
§ 73 A doubt has been suggested whether in the progress of history and of general culture；
mankind have bee better。
§ 74 The History of the World occupies a higher ground than that on which morality has properly
its position。
§ 75 The condition of Philosophy's existence is the taking up of the object of thought； and at the
same time clothing it with the form of universality。
§ 76 Language attains on its own particular ground a high intellectual development； prior to the
mencement of civilisation。
§ 77 Philosophy also must make its appearance where political life exists。
§ 78 Among all world…historical peoples； art； science； even philosophy show not only diversity in
style； but still more remarkably in subject…matter。
§ 79 Those spheres of intelligence which lie beyond the limits of this consciousness are a mon
ground。
§ 80 It is the concrete spirit of a people which we have to recognise； and it can only be
prehended spiritually。
§ 81 History is the development of Spirit in Time； as Nature is the development of the Idea in
Space。
§ 82 With a vast expenditure of power a trivial result is produced； while from what appears
unimportant； a tremendous issue proceeds。
§ 83 What traveller among the ruins of Carthage or Rome has not reflected on the transience of
kingdoms and men。
§ 84 Spirit manipulates itself； multiplying the material for future endeavours and gratifying its
desires in a variety which is inexhaustible。
§ 85 The very essence of Spirit is activity； it realises its potentiality and bees an object to
itself； contemplates itself as an objective existence。
§ 86 The Spirit of a people exists as a genus； and consequently carries within it its own negation。
§ 87 It is not of the nature of the all…pervading Spirit to die this merely natural death。
§ 88 The highest point in the development of a people is this： to have reduced its laws； its ideas of
justice and morality to a science。
§ 89 We have then before us a real and an ideal existence of the Spirit of the Nation。
§ 90 We are sure to see a people putting talk about virtue partly side by side with actual virtue。
§ 91 At the same time the isolation of individuals from each other and from the Whole makes its
appearance。
§ 92 Zeus and his race are themselves swallowed up by the very power that produced them —
the principle of thought。
§ 93 Time is the negative element in the sensuous world。 Thought is the same negativity。
§ 94 Thought is that Universal … that Species which is immortal。
§ 95 Spirit； in rendering itself objective and making this an object of thought； destroys the
determinate form of its being； but gains a prehension of its universal element。
§ 96 The individual traverses as a unity various grades of development； and remains the same
individual； in like manner also does a people。
§ 97 The life of a people ripens a certain fruit。 But this fruit does not fall back into the bosom of
the people that produced it； but bees a poison…draught to it。
§ 98 The principles of the successive phases of Spirit that animate Nations； are only steps of the
one universal Spirit。
§ 99 Philosophy； as occupying itself with the True； has only to do with the eternally present。。
Introduction
The subject of this course of Lectures is the Philosophical History of the World。 And by this must
be understood； not a collection of general observations respecting it； suggested by the study of its
records； and proposed to be illustrated by its facts； but Universal History itself。
I cannot mention any work that will serve as a pendium of the course； but I may remark that in
my The Philosophy of Right §§。 341…360； I have already given a definition of such a Universal
History as it is proposed to develo
