±Ê¿âС˵Íø > ÀúÊ·¾üʵç×ÓÊé > ÕÜѧʷ-philosophy of history(Ó¢ÎÄ°æ) >

µÚ11ÕÂ

ÕÜѧʷ-philosophy of history(Ó¢ÎÄ°æ)-µÚ11ÕÂ

С˵£º ÕÜѧʷ-philosophy of history(Ó¢ÎÄ°æ) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



to¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡do¡¡not¡¡present¡¡a¡¡generally¡¡applicable¡¡political¡¡basis¡£¡¡Were¡¡it¡¡otherwise£»¡¡the
differences¡¡of¡¡similar¡¡constitutions¡¡would¡¡consist¡¡only¡¡in¡¡a¡¡peculiar¡¡method¡¡of¡¡expanding¡¡and
developing¡¡that¡¡generic¡¡basis£»¡¡whereas¡¡they¡¡really¡¡originate¡¡in¡¡diversity¡¡of¡¡principle¡£¡¡From¡¡the
parison¡¡therefore¡¡of¡¡the¡¡political¡¡institutions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡World¡­Historical¡¡peoples£»¡¡it¡¡so
happens£»¡¡that¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡recent¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Constitution¡¡¡­¡¡for¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡our¡¡own¡¡times¡¡¡­
nothing¡¡£¨so¡¡to¡¡speak£©¡¡can¡¡be¡¡learned¡£¡¡In¡¡science¡¡and¡¡art¡¡it¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡otherwise£»¡¡e¡£¡¡g¡££»¡¡the¡¡ancient
philosophy¡¡is¡¡so¡¡decidedly¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡the¡¡modern£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡inevitably¡¡contained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡latter£»¡¡and
constitutes¡¡its¡¡basis¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡case¡¡the¡¡relation¡¡is¡¡that¡¡of¡¡a¡¡continuous¡¡development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same
structure£»¡¡whose¡¡foundation¡­stone£»¡¡walls£»¡¡and¡¡roof¡¡have¡¡remained¡¡what¡¡they¡¡were¡£¡¡In¡¡Art£»¡¡the
Greek¡¡itself£»¡¡in¡¡its¡¡original¡¡form£»¡¡furnishes¡¡us¡¡the¡¡best¡¡models¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡political¡¡constitution£»
it¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡otherwise£º¡¡here¡¡the¡¡Ancient¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Modern¡¡have¡¡not¡¡their¡¡essential¡¡principle¡¡in¡¡mon¡£
Abstract¡¡definitions¡¡and¡¡dogmas¡¡respecting¡¡just¡¡government£»¡¡¡­¡¡importing¡¡that¡¡intelligence¡¡and¡¡virtue
ought¡¡to¡¡bear¡¡sway¡¡¡­¡¡are£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡mon¡¡to¡¡both¡£¡¡But¡¡nothing¡¡is¡¡so¡¡absurd¡¡as¡¡to¡¡look¡¡to¡¡Greeks£»
Romans£»¡¡or¡¡Orientals£»¡¡for¡¡models¡¡for¡¡the¡¡political¡¡arrangements¡¡of¡¡our¡¡time¡£¡¡From¡¡the¡¡East¡¡may¡¡be
derived¡¡beautiful¡¡pictures¡¡of¡¡a¡¡patriarchal¡¡condition£»¡¡of¡¡paternal¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡devotion¡¡to¡¡it
on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡peoples£»¡¡from¡¡Greeks¡¡and¡¡Romans£»¡¡descriptions¡¡of¡¡popular¡¡liberty¡£¡¡Among¡¡the¡¡latter
we¡¡find¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Free¡¡Constitution¡¡admitting¡¡all¡¡the¡¡citizens¡¡to¡¡a¡¡share¡¡in¡¡deliberations¡¡and
resolves¡¡respecting¡¡the¡¡affairs¡¡and¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡monwealth¡£¡¡In¡¡our¡¡times£»¡¡too£»¡¡this¡¡is¡¡its¡¡general
acceptation£»¡¡only¡¡with¡¡this¡¡modification£»¡¡that¡¡¡­¡¡since¡¡our¡¡States¡¡are¡¡so¡¡large£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡are¡¡so¡¡many
of¡¡¡¨the¡¡Many£»¡¨¡¡the¡¡latter£»¡¡¡­¡¡direct¡¡action¡¡being¡¡impossible£»¡¡¡­¡¡should¡¡by¡¡the¡¡indirect¡¡method¡¡of
elective¡¡substitution¡¡express¡¡their¡¡concurrence¡¡with¡¡resolves¡¡affecting¡¡the¡¡mon¡¡weal£»¡¡that¡¡is£»
that¡¡for¡¡legislative¡¡purposes¡¡generally£»¡¡the¡¡people¡¡should¡¡be¡¡represented¡¡by¡¡deputies¡£¡¡The
so¡­called¡¡Representative¡¡Constitution¡¡is¡¡that¡¡form¡¡of¡¡government¡¡with¡¡which¡¡we¡¡connect¡¡the¡¡idea
of¡¡a¡¡free¡¡constitution£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡notion¡¡has¡¡bee¡¡a¡¡rooted¡¡prejudice¡£¡¡On¡¡this¡¡theory¡¡People¡¡and
Government¡¡are¡¡separated¡£¡¡But¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡perversity¡¡in¡¡this¡¡antithesis£»¡¡an¡¡ill¡­intentioned¡¡ruse
designed¡¡to¡¡insinuate¡¡that¡¡the¡¡People¡¡are¡¡the¡¡totality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡£¡¡Besides£»¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡this¡¡view¡¡is
the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡isolated¡¡individuality¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡absolute¡¡validity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡subjective¡¡will¡¡¡­¡¡a¡¡dogma¡¡which
we¡¡have¡¡already¡¡investigated¡£¡¡The¡¡great¡¡point¡¡is£»¡¡that¡¡Freedom¡¡in¡¡its¡¡Ideal¡¡conception¡¡has¡¡not
subjective¡¡will¡¡and¡¡caprice¡¡for¡¡its¡¡principle£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡recognition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡universal¡¡will£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the
process¡¡by¡¡which¡¡Freedom¡¡is¡¡realised¡¡is¡¡the¡¡free¡¡development¡¡of¡¡its¡¡successive¡¡stages¡£¡¡The
subjective¡¡will¡¡is¡¡a¡¡merely¡¡formal¡¡determination¡¡¡­¡¡a¡¡carte¡¡blanche¡¡¡­¡¡not¡¡including¡¡what¡¡it¡¡is¡¡that¡¡is
willed¡£¡¡Only¡¡the¡¡rational¡¡will¡¡is¡¡that¡¡universal¡¡principle¡¡which¡¡independently¡¡determines¡¡and
unfolds¡¡its¡¡own¡¡being£»¡¡and¡¡develops¡¡its¡¡successive¡¡elemental¡¡phases¡¡as¡¡organic¡¡members¡£¡¡Of¡¡this
Gothic¡­cathedral¡¡architecture¡¡the¡¡ancients¡¡knew¡¡nothing¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì¡¡50

At¡¡an¡¡earlier¡¡stage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡discussion£»¡¡we¡¡established¡¡the¡¡two¡¡elemental¡¡considerations£º¡¡first£»¡¡the
idea¡¡of¡¡freedom¡¡as¡¡the¡¡absolute¡¡and¡¡final¡¡aim£»¡¡secondly£»¡¡the¡¡means¡¡for¡¡realising¡¡it£»¡¡i¡£e¡£¡¡the
subjective¡¡side¡¡of¡¡knowledge¡¡and¡¡will£»¡¡with¡¡its¡¡life£»¡¡movement£»¡¡and¡¡activity¡£¡¡We¡¡then¡¡recognised
the¡¡State¡¡as¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡Whole¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Reality¡¡of¡¡Freedom£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡as¡¡the¡¡objective¡¡unity
of¡¡these¡¡two¡¡elements¡£¡¡For¡¡although¡¡we¡¡make¡¡this¡¡distinction¡¡into¡¡two¡¡aspects¡¡for¡¡our
consideration£»¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡remarked¡¡that¡¡they¡¡are¡¡intimately¡¡connected£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡their¡¡connection¡¡is
involved¡¡in¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡each¡¡when¡¡examined¡¡separately¡£¡¡We¡¡have£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡one¡¡hand£»¡¡recognised¡¡the
Idea¡¡in¡¡the¡¡definite¡¡form¡¡of¡¡Freedom¡¡conscious¡¡of¡¡and¡¡willing¡¡itself£»¡¡¡­¡¡having¡¡itself¡¡alone¡¡as¡¡its
object£º¡¡involving¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time£»¡¡the¡¡pure¡¡and¡¡simple¡¡Idea¡¡of¡¡Reason£»¡¡and¡¡likewise£»¡¡that¡¡which
we¡¡have¡¡called¡¡subject¡¡¡­¡¡self¡­consciousness¡¡¡­¡¡Spirit¡¡actually¡¡existing¡¡in¡¡the¡¡World¡£¡¡If£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other
hand£»¡¡we¡¡consider¡¡Subjectivity£»¡¡we¡¡find¡¡that¡¡subjective¡¡knowledge¡¡and¡¡will¡¡is¡¡Thought¡£¡¡But¡¡by¡¡the
very¡¡act¡¡of¡¡thoughtful¡¡cognition¡¡and¡¡volition£»¡¡I¡¡will¡¡the¡¡universal¡¡object¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡substance¡¡of¡¡absolute
Reason¡£¡¡We¡¡observe£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡an¡¡essential¡¡union¡¡between¡¡the¡¡objective¡¡side¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡Idea£»¡¡¡­¡¡and¡¡the
subjective¡¡side¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡personality¡¡that¡¡conceives¡¡and¡¡wills¡¡it¡£¡¡¡­¡¡The¡¡objective¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡this¡¡union
is¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡therefore¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡and¡¡centre¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡¡concrete¡¡elements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡a
people£»¡¡¡­¡¡of¡¡Art£»¡¡of¡¡Law£»¡¡of¡¡Morals£»¡¡of¡¡Religion£»¡¡of¡¡Science¡£¡¡All¡¡the¡¡activity¡¡of¡¡Spirit¡¡has¡¡only¡¡this
object¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡being¡¡conscious¡¡of¡¡this¡¡union£»¡¡i¡£e¡££»¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡Freedom¡£¡¡Among¡¡the¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡this
conscious¡¡union¡¡Religion¡¡occupies¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡position¡£¡¡In¡¡it£»¡¡Spirit¡¡¡­¡¡rising¡¡above¡¡the¡¡limitations¡¡of
temporal¡¡and¡¡secular¡¡existence¡¡¡­¡¡bees¡¡conscious¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Absolute¡¡Spirit£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡this
consciousness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡self¡­existent¡¡Being£»¡¡renounces¡¡its¡¡individual¡¡interest£»¡¡it¡¡lays¡¡this¡¡aside¡¡in
Devotion¡¡¡­¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡mind¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡refuses¡¡to¡¡occupy¡¡itself¡¡any¡¡longer¡¡with¡¡the¡¡limited¡¡and
particular¡£¡¡By¡¡Sacrifice¡¡man¡¡expresses¡¡his¡¡renunciation¡¡of¡¡his¡¡property£»¡¡his¡¡will£»¡¡his¡¡individual
feelings¡£¡¡The¡¡religious¡¡concentration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soul¡¡appears¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡feeling£»¡¡it¡¡nevertheless
passes¡¡also¡¡into¡¡reflection£»¡¡a¡¡form¡¡of¡¡worship¡¡£¨cultus£©¡¡is¡¡a¡¡result¡¡of¡¡reflection¡£¡¡The¡¡second¡¡form¡¡of
the¡¡union¡¡of¡¡the¡¡objective¡¡and¡¡subjective¡¡in¡¡the¡¡human¡¡spirit¡¡is¡¡Art¡£¡¡This¡¡advances¡¡farther¡¡into¡¡the
realm¡¡of¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡and¡¡sensuous¡¡than¡¡Religion¡£¡¡In¡¡its¡¡noblest¡¡walk¡¡it¡¡is¡¡occupied¡¡with¡¡representing£»
not¡¡indeed£»¡¡the¡¡Spirit¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡but¡¡certainly¡¡the¡¡Form¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡its¡¡secondary¡¡aims£»¡¡that¡¡which
is¡¡divine¡¡and¡¡spiritual¡¡generally¡£¡¡Its¡¡office¡¡is¡¡to¡¡render¡¡visible¡¡the¡¡Divine£»¡¡presenting¡¡it¡¡to¡¡the
imaginative¡¡and¡¡intuitive¡¡faculty¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡True¡¡is¡¡the¡¡object¡¡not¡¡only¡¡of¡¡conception¡¡and¡¡feeling£»¡¡as¡¡in
Religion£»¡¡¡­¡¡and¡¡of¡¡Intuition£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡Art£»¡¡¡­¡¡but¡¡also¡¡of¡¡the¡¡thinking¡¡faculty£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡gives¡¡us¡¡the¡¡third
form¡¡of¡¡the¡¡union¡¡in¡¡question¡¡¡­¡¡Philosophy¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡consequently¡¡the¡¡highest£»¡¡freest£»¡¡and¡¡wisest
phase¡£¡¡Of¡¡course¡¡we¡¡are¡¡not¡¡intending¡¡to¡¡investigate¡¡these¡¡three¡¡phases¡¡here£»¡¡they¡¡have¡¡only
suggested¡¡themselves¡¡in¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡their¡¡occupying¡¡the¡¡same¡¡general¡¡ground¡¡as¡¡the¡¡object¡¡here
considered¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡State¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì¡¡51

The¡¡general¡¡principle¡¡which¡¡manifests¡¡itself¡¡and¡¡bees¡¡an¡¡object¡¡of¡¡consciousness¡¡in¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡¡­
the¡¡form¡¡under¡¡which¡¡all¡¡that¡¡the¡¡State¡¡includes¡¡is¡¡brought£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡that¡¡cycle¡¡of¡¡phenomena
which¡¡constitutes¡¡the¡¡culture¡¡of¡¡a¡¡nation¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡definite¡¡substance¡¡that¡¡receives¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of
universality£»¡¡and¡¡exists¡¡in¡¡that¡¡concrete¡¡reality¡¡which¡¡is¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡¡­¡¡is¡¡the¡¡Spirit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡People¡¡itself¡£
The¡¡actual¡¡State¡¡is¡¡animated¡¡by¡¡this¡¡spirit£»¡¡in¡¡all¡¡its¡¡particular¡¡affairs¡¡¡­¡¡its¡¡Wars£»¡¡Institutions£»¡¡&c¡£¡¡But
man¡¡must¡¡also¡¡attain¡¡a¡¡conscious¡¡realisation¡¡of¡¡this¡¡his¡¡Spirit¡¡and¡¡essential¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡his¡¡original
identity¡¡with¡¡it¡£¡¡For¡¡we¡¡said¡¡that¡¡morality¡¡is¡¡the¡¡identity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡subjective¡¡or¡¡personal¡¡with¡¡the
universal¡¡will¡£¡¡Now¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡must¡¡give¡¡itself¡¡an¡¡express¡¡consciousness¡¡of¡¡this£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡focus¡¡of
this¡¡knowledge¡¡is¡¡Religion¡£¡¡Art¡¡and¡¡Science¡¡are¡¡only¡¡various¡¡aspects¡¡and¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same
substantial¡¡being¡£¡¡In¡¡considering¡¡Religion£»¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡point¡¡of¡¡enquiry¡¡is¡¡whether¡¡it¡¡recognises¡¡the
True¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡Idea¡¡¡­¡¡only¡¡in¡¡its¡¡separate£»¡¡abstract¡¡form£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡its¡¡true¡¡unity£»¡¡in¡¡separation¡¡¡­¡¡God¡¡being
represented¡¡in¡¡an¡¡abstract¡¡form¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Highest¡¡Being£»¡¡Lord¡¡of¡¡Heaven¡¡and¡¡Earth£»¡¡living¡¡in¡¡a¡¡remote
region¡¡far¡¡from¡¡human¡¡actualities£»¡¡¡­¡¡or¡¡in¡¡its¡¡unity£»¡¡¡­¡¡God£»¡¡as¡¡Unity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Universal¡¡and¡¡Individual£»
the¡¡Individual¡¡itself¡¡assuming¡¡the¡¡aspect¡¡of¡¡positive¡¡and¡¡real¡¡existence¡¡in¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Incarnation¡£
Religion¡¡is¡¡the¡¡sphere¡¡in¡¡which¡¡a¡¡nation¡¡gives¡¡itself¡¡the¡¡definition¡¡of¡¡that¡¡which¡¡it¡¡regards¡¡as¡¡the
True¡£¡¡A¡¡definition¡¡contains¡¡everything¡¡that¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡the¡¡essence¡¡of¡¡an¡¡object£»¡¡reducing¡¡its¡¡nature
to¡¡its¡¡simple¡¡characteristic¡¡predicate£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡mirror¡¡for¡¡every¡¡predicate£»¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡generic¡¡soul¡¡Pervading
all¡¡its¡¡details¡£¡¡The¡¡conception¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡constitutes¡¡the¡¡general¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡a¡¡people's
character¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì¡¡52

In¡¡this¡¡aspect£»¡¡religion¡¡stands¡¡in¡¡the¡¡closest¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡the¡¡political¡¡principle¡£¡¡Freedom¡¡can
exist¡¡only¡¡where¡¡Individuality¡¡is¡¡recognised¡¡as¡¡having¡¡its¡¡positive¡¡and¡¡real¡¡existence¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Divine
Being¡£¡¡The¡¡connection¡¡may¡¡be¡¡further¡¡explained¡¡thus£º¡¡¡­¡¡Secular¡¡existence£»¡¡as¡¡merely¡¡temporal¡¡¡­
occupied¡¡with¡¡particular¡¡interests¡¡¡­¡¡is¡¡consequently¡¡only¡¡relative¡¡and¡¡unauthorised£»¡¡and¡¡receives¡¡its
validity¡¡only¡¡in¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡the¡¡universal¡¡soul¡¡that¡¡pervades¡¡it¡¡¡­¡¡its¡¡principle¡¡¡­¡¡receives¡¡absolute¡¡validity£»
which¡¡it¡¡cannot¡¡have¡¡unless¡¡it¡¡is¡¡recognised¡¡as¡¡the¡¡definite¡¡manifestation£»¡¡the¡¡phenomenal¡¡existence
of¡¡the¡¡Divine¡¡Essence¡£¡¡On¡¡this¡¡account¡¡it¡¡is¡¡that¡¡the¡¡State¡¡rests¡¡on¡¡Religion¡£¡¡We¡¡hear¡¡this¡¡often
repeated¡¡in¡¡our¡¡times£»¡¡though¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part¡¡nothing¡¡further¡¡is¡¡meant¡¡than¡¡that¡¡individual¡¡subjects
as¡¡God¡­fearing¡¡men¡¡would¡¡be¡¡more¡¡disposed¡¡and¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡perform¡¡their¡¡duty£»¡¡since¡¡obedience¡¡to
King¡¡and¡¡Law¡¡so¡¡naturally¡¡follows¡¡in¡¡the¡¡train¡¡of¡¡reverence¡¡for¡¡God¡£¡¡This¡¡reverence£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡since
it¡¡exalts¡¡the¡¡general¡¡over¡¡the¡¡special£»¡¡may¡¡even¡¡turn¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡latter£»¡¡¡­¡¡bee¡¡fanatical£»¡¡¡­¡¡and¡¡work
with¡¡incendiary¡¡and¡¡destructive¡¡violence¡¡against¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡its¡¡institutions£»¡¡and¡¡arrangements¡£
Religious¡¡feeling£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡thought£»¡¡should¡¡be¡¡sober¡¡¡­¡¡kept¡¡in¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡coolness£»¡¡¡­
that¡¡it¡¡may¡¡not¡¡storm¡¡against¡¡and¡¡bear¡¡down¡¡that¡¡which¡¡should¡¡be¡¡defended¡¡and¡¡preserved¡¡by¡¡it¡£
The¡¡possibility¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡catastrophe¡¡is¡¡at¡¡least¡¡latent¡¡in¡¡it¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì¡¡53

While£»¡¡however£»¡¡the¡¡correct¡¡sentiment¡¡is¡¡adopted£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡State¡¡is¡¡based¡¡on¡¡Religion£»¡¡the¡¡position
thus¡¡assigned¡¡to¡¡Religion¡¡supposes¡¡the¡¡State¡¡already¡¡to¡¡exist£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡subsequently£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to
maintain¡¡it£»¡¡Religion¡¡must¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡into¡¡it¡¡¡­¡¡buckets¡¡and¡¡bushels¡¡as¡¡it¡¡were¡¡¡­¡¡and¡¡impressed¡¡upon
people's¡¡hearts¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡true¡¡that¡¡men¡¡must¡¡be¡¡trained¡¡to¡¡religion£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡as¡¡to¡¡something¡¡whose
existence¡¡has¡¡yet¡¡to¡¡begin¡£¡¡For¡¡in¡¡affirming¡¡that¡¡the¡¡State¡¡is¡¡based¡¡on¡¡Religion¡¡¡­¡¡that¡¡it¡¡has¡¡its¡¡roots
in¡¡it¡¡¡­¡¡we¡¡virtually¡¡assert¡¡that¡¡the¡¡former¡¡has¡¡proceeded¡¡from¡¡the¡¡latter£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡this¡¡derivation¡¡is
going¡¡on¡¡now¡¡and¡¡will¡¡always¡¡continue£»¡¡i¡£e¡££»¡¡the¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡must¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡valid¡¡in
and¡¡for¡¡themselves£»¡¡which¡¡can¡¡only¡¡be¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are¡¡recognised¡¡as¡¡determinate
manifestations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Divine¡¡Nature¡£¡¡The¡¡form¡¡of¡¡Religion£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡decides¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡and
its¡¡constitution¡£¡¡The¡¡latter¡¡actually¡¡originated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡particular¡¡religion¡¡adopted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡nation£»¡¡so
that£»¡¡in¡¡fact£»¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡or¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡State¡¡was¡¡possible¡¡only¡¡in¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡the¡¡specific
form¡¡of¡¡Heathenism¡¡existing¡¡among¡¡the¡¡respective¡¡peoples£»¡¡just¡¡as¡¡a¡¡Catholic¡¡State¡¡has¡¡a¡¡spirit¡¡and
constitution¡¡different¡¡from¡¡that¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Protestant¡¡one¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì¡¡54

If¡¡that¡¡outcry¡¡¡­¡¡that¡¡urging¡¡and¡¡striving¡¡for¡¡the¡¡implantation¡¡of¡¡Religion¡¡in¡¡the¡¡munity¡¡¡­¡¡were¡¡an
utterance¡¡of¡¡anguish¡¡and¡¡a¡¡call¡¡for¡¡help£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡often¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡expressing¡¡the¡¡danger¡¡of¡¡religion
having¡¡vanished£»¡¡or¡¡being¡¡about¡¡to¡¡vanish¡¡entirely¡¡from¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡¡­¡¡that¡¡would¡¡be¡¡fearful¡¡indeed¡¡¡­
worse¡¡in¡¡fact¡¡than¡¡this¡¡outcry¡¡supposes£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡implies¡¡the¡¡belief¡¡in¡¡a¡¡resource¡¡against¡¡the¡¡evil£»¡¡viz¡££»
the¡¡implantation¡¡and¡¡inculcation¡¡of¡¡religion£»¡¡whereas¡¡religion¡¡is¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡be¡¡so
produced£»¡¡its¡¡self¡­production¡¡£¨and¡¡there¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡other£©¡¡lies¡¡much¡¡deeper¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì¡¡55

Another¡¡and¡¡opposite¡¡folly¡¡which¡¡we¡¡meet¡¡with¡¡in¡¡our¡¡time¡¡is¡¡that¡¡of¡¡pretending¡¡to¡¡invent¡¡and¡¡carry
out¡¡political¡¡constitutions¡¡independently¡¡of¡¡religion¡£¡¡The¡¡Catholic¡¡confession£»¡¡although¡¡sharing¡¡the
Christian¡¡name¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Protestant£»¡¡does¡¡not¡¡concede¡¡to¡¡the¡¡State¡¡an¡¡inherent¡¡Justice¡¡and
Morality£»¡¡¡­¡¡a¡¡concession¡¡which¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Protestant¡¡principle¡¡is¡¡fundamental¡£¡¡This¡¡tearing¡¡away¡¡of¡¡the
political¡¡morality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡from¡¡its¡¡natural¡¡connection£»¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡genius¡¡of¡¡that
religion£»¡¡inasmuch¡¡as¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡recognise¡¡Justice¡¡and¡¡Morality¡¡as¡¡independent¡¡and¡¡substantial¡£
But¡¡thus¡¡excluded¡¡from¡¡intrinsic¡¡worth£»¡¡¡­¡¡torn¡¡away¡¡from¡¡their¡¡last¡¡refuge¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡sanctuary¡¡of
conscience¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡calm¡¡retreat¡¡where¡¡religion¡¡has¡¡its¡¡abode£»¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡principles¡¡and¡¡institutions¡¡of
political¡¡legislation¡¡are¡¡destitute¡¡of¡¡a¡¡real¡¡centre£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡same¡¡decree¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are¡¡pelled¡¡to
remain¡¡abstract¡¡and¡¡indefinite¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì¡¡56

Summing¡¡up¡¡what¡¡has¡¡been¡¡said¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡we¡¡find¡¡that¡¡we¡¡have¡¡been¡¡led¡¡to¡¡call¡¡its¡¡vital
principle£»¡¡as¡¡actuating¡¡the¡¡individuals¡¡who¡¡pose¡¡it£»¡¡¡­¡¡Morality¡£¡¡The¡¡State£»¡¡its¡¡laws£»¡¡its
arrangements£»¡¡constitute¡¡the¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡its¡¡members£»¡¡its¡¡natural¡¡features£»¡¡its¡¡mountains£»¡¡air£»¡¡and
waters£»¡¡are¡¡their¡¡country£»¡¡their¡¡fatherland£»¡¡their¡¡outward¡¡material¡¡property£»¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡th

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ